{"product_id":"strydea-precyzyjna-opaska","title":"Strydea™ - precyzyjna opaska na kolano","description":"","brand":"My Store 6","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":66037787328903,"sku":null,"price":119.99,"currency_code":"PLN","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1100\/7252\/9287\/files\/ObrazChatGPT26wrz2026_01_59_46.png?v=1790380800","url":"https:\/\/strydea.pl\/products\/strydea-precyzyjna-opaska","provider":"Strydea.pl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}